Sessed by quantitative PCR (Figures 2A). The NIH/3T3 cells had

Sessed by quantitative PCR (Figures 2A). The NIH/3T3 cells had barely detectable C/EBPa mRNA level throughout the differentiation process. The 43kd isoform of C/ EBPa in NIH/3T3 adipocytes was comparable to that in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and the 30kd isoform was not detected in western blot analysis (Figure 2B). Though C/EBPa mRNA increase was barely detectable during adipogenesis of NIH/3T3, the possibility that a brief surge of its 18325633 expression was essential could not be ruled out. Because of the interdependence ��-Sitosterol ��-D-glucoside between C/EBPa and PPARc, the lack of detectable C/EBPa also cast doubt on the essential role of PPARc. The roles of both genes in adipocytes formation were tested by knockdown in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 cells. PPARc knockdown blocked adipogenesis in both cell lines. While C/EBPa knockdown blocked adipogenesis of 3T3-L1, the same treatment had no effect in NIH/3T3 cells (Figure 3A and B). These NIH/ 3T3 adipocytes had the same insulin stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake as the controls. Expressing C/EBPa shRNA after NIH/Figure 1. NIH/3T3 cells formed insulin responsive adipocytes after prolonged induction. (A) The whole cell culture dish view of the oil red O stain of NIH/3T3 cells induced with (R7) or without rosiglitazone (R-7) for 7 days and regular 3T3-L1 (3T3-L1) adipocytes. (B) Oil red O stained images of NIH/3T3 cells induced without rosiglitazone for 7 (R-7) or 14 days (R-14) and with rosiglitazone for 7 days (R7). (C) The glucose uptake rate in response to insulin with the standard errors (n = 3) of measurement of cells in panel (B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051459.gThe use of 3T3-L1 cells was sometimes hampered by the gradual loss of their adipogenic potential in the culture over time and their resistance to gene transfer and expression. Adding PPARc agonists, such as troglitazone or rosiglitazone [9,10] to the induction medium or extending induction time to 3 or 4 days to compensate for the loss of adipogenic potential in the ageing cells were quite common in the literature. These measures and the adipogenic induction cocktail only accelerated but were otherwise not essential in 3T3-L1 differentiation. The practice to boost the adipogenicity of ageing 3T3-L1 cells by NT 157 web inducing them for more than 3 days suggested that some adipogenic cells required longer induction time to show their adipogenic potential. We suspected that some cells that could not form adipocytes when induced like 3T3-L1 cells might have formed adipocytes if given longer induction time. This work tried to find new models of adipocytes by screening and characterizing cell lines that could not formA Cebpa Independent Model of AdipocytesFigure 2. NIH/3T3 adipocytes did not express C/EBPa. The relative mRNA levels and the standard errors (n = 3) of measurement of 3 adipocyte marker genes, (A) Fabp4 (Ap2), (B) Cebpa (C/EBPa) and (C) Pparg (PPARc) were determined daily by qPCR during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 (R7) cells. Because the required induction times were different in these 2 cell lines, day 0 on the x-axis indicated the day the induction medium was removed and the cells were incubated in maturation medium. (D) Western blot of labeled genes in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and adipocytes. HSP70 was used as the internal control. Lanes 1: 3T3-L1fibroblasts, 2: NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, Lanes 3: 3T3-L1adipocytes, 4: NIH/3T3 adipocytes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051459.g3T3 adipocytes differentiation showed the same result. (Figure 3C). Because of low C/EBPaexp.Sessed by quantitative PCR (Figures 2A). The NIH/3T3 cells had barely detectable C/EBPa mRNA level throughout the differentiation process. The 43kd isoform of C/ EBPa in NIH/3T3 adipocytes was comparable to that in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and the 30kd isoform was not detected in western blot analysis (Figure 2B). Though C/EBPa mRNA increase was barely detectable during adipogenesis of NIH/3T3, the possibility that a brief surge of its 18325633 expression was essential could not be ruled out. Because of the interdependence between C/EBPa and PPARc, the lack of detectable C/EBPa also cast doubt on the essential role of PPARc. The roles of both genes in adipocytes formation were tested by knockdown in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 cells. PPARc knockdown blocked adipogenesis in both cell lines. While C/EBPa knockdown blocked adipogenesis of 3T3-L1, the same treatment had no effect in NIH/3T3 cells (Figure 3A and B). These NIH/ 3T3 adipocytes had the same insulin stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake as the controls. Expressing C/EBPa shRNA after NIH/Figure 1. NIH/3T3 cells formed insulin responsive adipocytes after prolonged induction. (A) The whole cell culture dish view of the oil red O stain of NIH/3T3 cells induced with (R7) or without rosiglitazone (R-7) for 7 days and regular 3T3-L1 (3T3-L1) adipocytes. (B) Oil red O stained images of NIH/3T3 cells induced without rosiglitazone for 7 (R-7) or 14 days (R-14) and with rosiglitazone for 7 days (R7). (C) The glucose uptake rate in response to insulin with the standard errors (n = 3) of measurement of cells in panel (B). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051459.gThe use of 3T3-L1 cells was sometimes hampered by the gradual loss of their adipogenic potential in the culture over time and their resistance to gene transfer and expression. Adding PPARc agonists, such as troglitazone or rosiglitazone [9,10] to the induction medium or extending induction time to 3 or 4 days to compensate for the loss of adipogenic potential in the ageing cells were quite common in the literature. These measures and the adipogenic induction cocktail only accelerated but were otherwise not essential in 3T3-L1 differentiation. The practice to boost the adipogenicity of ageing 3T3-L1 cells by inducing them for more than 3 days suggested that some adipogenic cells required longer induction time to show their adipogenic potential. We suspected that some cells that could not form adipocytes when induced like 3T3-L1 cells might have formed adipocytes if given longer induction time. This work tried to find new models of adipocytes by screening and characterizing cell lines that could not formA Cebpa Independent Model of AdipocytesFigure 2. NIH/3T3 adipocytes did not express C/EBPa. The relative mRNA levels and the standard errors (n = 3) of measurement of 3 adipocyte marker genes, (A) Fabp4 (Ap2), (B) Cebpa (C/EBPa) and (C) Pparg (PPARc) were determined daily by qPCR during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 (R7) cells. Because the required induction times were different in these 2 cell lines, day 0 on the x-axis indicated the day the induction medium was removed and the cells were incubated in maturation medium. (D) Western blot of labeled genes in 3T3-L1 and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and adipocytes. HSP70 was used as the internal control. Lanes 1: 3T3-L1fibroblasts, 2: NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, Lanes 3: 3T3-L1adipocytes, 4: NIH/3T3 adipocytes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051459.g3T3 adipocytes differentiation showed the same result. (Figure 3C). Because of low C/EBPaexp.