Ithin the D551 cell genome (Trex2, Crenolanib site Figure S5A). Thus, despite differences in mutagenic events induced by the meganuclease in each cell type, the use of Trex2 or scTrex allows for better controlling TM outcomes in both cell types by restricting the majority of events to small deletions. Similar TM enhancement was obtained in human iPS cells (Figure 3B) in which expression of CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.4 60.4 TM events while expression of scTrex-CAPNS1 increases the meganuclease-induced TM frequencies to 8.7 61.2. Notably, although all meganucleases used in this study display similar intrinsic activities on extrachromosomal targets, we observed significant differences in their efficacy to induce gene modification at the endogenous locus (18 for CAPNS1m versus ,1.5 for RAG1m and DMD21m). Such variations can be reconciled by considering chromatin compaction, given that the CAPNS1 target is more accessible to micrococcal enzyme than either the RAG1 or DMD21 targets in 293H cell lines. It is thus likely 18325633 that impaired access to target, for both the meganuclease and proteins involved in DSB repair, may strongly influence theFigure 3. Targeted mutagenesis in primary cells and iPS. Cells were transfected with the CAPNS1m meganuclease in the absence (empty) or presence of DNA-end processing enzymes; scTrex, singlechain Trex2; scTrex-CAPNS1, meganuclease fused to scTrex; Tdt, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Frequency of TM as determined by sequence analysis of locus specific amplicons; ns, not significant. (A) Frequency of TM measured in Detroit 551 human fetal fibroblasts in 2 independent experiments. (B) Frequency of TM measured in iPS in 2 independent experiments. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053217.gdeletion/insertion patterns observed (Figures 2 and S2). Targetsite accessibility could also explain the disparity in efficacy obtained for the same locus in different cell types. Indeed, CAPNS1m displays a lower activity in Detroit 551 cells than in 293H cells (1.6 versus 18 , respectively), leading to a TM profile similar to that obtained with RAG1m and DMD21m in 293H cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that depending on target location within the genome or the cell-type used in a particular experiment, nuclease-based technology may lead to various genome modification efficacies. Nevertheless, despite these heterogeneities, this study shows that the use of DNA processing enzymes increases meganuclease-induced TM and prevents the variation of mutagenic events due to the presence of micro omologies, as shown for the RAG1 locus with enrichment in the 9-bp deletion event.ConclusionsHerein we describe a new strategy using DNA-end processing enzymes together with site-specific engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases to enable high rates of targeted mutagenesis. This approach is particularly suitable in cells with an unaltered DNHEJ DNA maintenance pathway, wherein scarless rejoining of meganuclease-induced DSBs represents the majority of events [38] and thus genetic information is preserved. The efficiency of TM can be enhanced up to 30-fold using polymerases or exonucleases such as Tdt or Trex2 to add or remove nucleotides to or from theMethods to CP-868596 cost Improve Targeted Mutagenesisliberated DNA ends following cleavage. Our method allowed for achieving an exceptional 31 TM in primary cells when using meganuclease-induced mutagenesis. Tdt as well as Trex2 additionally offer the possibility to use low activity enzymes and to “control.Ithin the D551 cell genome (Trex2, Figure S5A). Thus, despite differences in mutagenic events induced by the meganuclease in each cell type, the use of Trex2 or scTrex allows for better controlling TM outcomes in both cell types by restricting the majority of events to small deletions. Similar TM enhancement was obtained in human iPS cells (Figure 3B) in which expression of CAPNS1m alone leads to 1.4 60.4 TM events while expression of scTrex-CAPNS1 increases the meganuclease-induced TM frequencies to 8.7 61.2. Notably, although all meganucleases used in this study display similar intrinsic activities on extrachromosomal targets, we observed significant differences in their efficacy to induce gene modification at the endogenous locus (18 for CAPNS1m versus ,1.5 for RAG1m and DMD21m). Such variations can be reconciled by considering chromatin compaction, given that the CAPNS1 target is more accessible to micrococcal enzyme than either the RAG1 or DMD21 targets in 293H cell lines. It is thus likely 18325633 that impaired access to target, for both the meganuclease and proteins involved in DSB repair, may strongly influence theFigure 3. Targeted mutagenesis in primary cells and iPS. Cells were transfected with the CAPNS1m meganuclease in the absence (empty) or presence of DNA-end processing enzymes; scTrex, singlechain Trex2; scTrex-CAPNS1, meganuclease fused to scTrex; Tdt, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Frequency of TM as determined by sequence analysis of locus specific amplicons; ns, not significant. (A) Frequency of TM measured in Detroit 551 human fetal fibroblasts in 2 independent experiments. (B) Frequency of TM measured in iPS in 2 independent experiments. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053217.gdeletion/insertion patterns observed (Figures 2 and S2). Targetsite accessibility could also explain the disparity in efficacy obtained for the same locus in different cell types. Indeed, CAPNS1m displays a lower activity in Detroit 551 cells than in 293H cells (1.6 versus 18 , respectively), leading to a TM profile similar to that obtained with RAG1m and DMD21m in 293H cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that depending on target location within the genome or the cell-type used in a particular experiment, nuclease-based technology may lead to various genome modification efficacies. Nevertheless, despite these heterogeneities, this study shows that the use of DNA processing enzymes increases meganuclease-induced TM and prevents the variation of mutagenic events due to the presence of micro omologies, as shown for the RAG1 locus with enrichment in the 9-bp deletion event.ConclusionsHerein we describe a new strategy using DNA-end processing enzymes together with site-specific engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases to enable high rates of targeted mutagenesis. This approach is particularly suitable in cells with an unaltered DNHEJ DNA maintenance pathway, wherein scarless rejoining of meganuclease-induced DSBs represents the majority of events [38] and thus genetic information is preserved. The efficiency of TM can be enhanced up to 30-fold using polymerases or exonucleases such as Tdt or Trex2 to add or remove nucleotides to or from theMethods to Improve Targeted Mutagenesisliberated DNA ends following cleavage. Our method allowed for achieving an exceptional 31 TM in primary cells when using meganuclease-induced mutagenesis. Tdt as well as Trex2 additionally offer the possibility to use low activity enzymes and to “control.
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