S almost invariably develop in the previously unaffected mucosa of the

S almost invariably develop in the previously unaffected mucosa of the neoterminal ileum proximally to the ileocolonic anastomosis. [23] This post-operative state is therefore an ideal setting to investigateDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDFigure 3. IL-17A is over-expressed in CD. Transcripts for IL-17A (A) were analysed in ileal samples taken from CD CPI-455 web patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls by real-time PCR and normalized to b-actin. Data indicate individual values of IL-17A in single biopsies and horizontal bars represent the median value. B.Flow cytometry analysis of IL-17A-producing cells in CD3+LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. LPMC were gated on CD3+ cells and subsequently analysed for the expression of 25331948 IL-17A. Data indicate individual values and horizontal bars represent the median value. Right insets: representative histograms of IL17A-producing CD3+cells in LPMC isolated from 1 CD CP-868596 patient with no endoscopic recurrence (i0), 1 CD patient with endoscopic recurrence (i4), 1 CD patient with established/late lesions and 1 normal control. Staining with a control IgG is also shown. Numbers above lines indicate the percentages of positive cells. C. Ratio between the percentages of IFN-c-producing CD3+LPMC and IL-17A-producing CD3+ LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054562.gimmunological events that drive the initial lesions of CD. To this end, we collected biopsies from CD patients with or without endoscopic recurrence and looked at the T cell and macrophage mucosal infiltration by immunofluorescence. The number of CD3+ cells was significantly higher in biopsies taken from the neoterminal ileum of CD patients without endoscopic recurrence than in normal control biopsies and was further 1655472 increased in biopsies taken from patients with endoscopic recurrence and in surgical specimens with established lesions, with no significant difference between these later two groups (Fig. 1A and C). Similarly, biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum of CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence contained more CD68+ cells than control biopsies (Fig. 1B and D). Moreover, CD68+ cells were moreabundant in biopsies with endoscopic recurrence and in samples with established lesions than in biopsies without endoscopic lesions (Fig. 1B and D). These data indicate that, even in the absence of endoscopic lesions, the mucosa of the neo-terminal ileum of CD patients is markedly infiltrated with inflammatory cells.The Early Stage of CD Inflammation is Dominated by Th1 Cytokines while a Mixed Th1/Th17 Response is Seen in Areas with Early or Established LesionsNext we examined various Th cell-related cytokines in CD and control samples by real-time PCR and flow-cytometry. Expression of IFN-c transcripts was more pronounced in the biopsies takenDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDTable 1. Cytokine expression in pre-operative (established) and post-operative ileal samples of Crohn’s disease patients.Table 2. Cytokine expression in pre-operative (established) and post-operative ileal samples of Crohn’s disease patients.Established CD (n = 4) Medi.S almost invariably develop in the previously unaffected mucosa of the neoterminal ileum proximally to the ileocolonic anastomosis. [23] This post-operative state is therefore an ideal setting to investigateDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDFigure 3. IL-17A is over-expressed in CD. Transcripts for IL-17A (A) were analysed in ileal samples taken from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls by real-time PCR and normalized to b-actin. Data indicate individual values of IL-17A in single biopsies and horizontal bars represent the median value. B.Flow cytometry analysis of IL-17A-producing cells in CD3+LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. LPMC were gated on CD3+ cells and subsequently analysed for the expression of 25331948 IL-17A. Data indicate individual values and horizontal bars represent the median value. Right insets: representative histograms of IL17A-producing CD3+cells in LPMC isolated from 1 CD patient with no endoscopic recurrence (i0), 1 CD patient with endoscopic recurrence (i4), 1 CD patient with established/late lesions and 1 normal control. Staining with a control IgG is also shown. Numbers above lines indicate the percentages of positive cells. C. Ratio between the percentages of IFN-c-producing CD3+LPMC and IL-17A-producing CD3+ LPMC isolated from CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence (i0-i1), CD patients with endoscopic recurrence (i2-i4), CD patients with established/late lesions and normal controls. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054562.gimmunological events that drive the initial lesions of CD. To this end, we collected biopsies from CD patients with or without endoscopic recurrence and looked at the T cell and macrophage mucosal infiltration by immunofluorescence. The number of CD3+ cells was significantly higher in biopsies taken from the neoterminal ileum of CD patients without endoscopic recurrence than in normal control biopsies and was further 1655472 increased in biopsies taken from patients with endoscopic recurrence and in surgical specimens with established lesions, with no significant difference between these later two groups (Fig. 1A and C). Similarly, biopsies taken from the neo-terminal ileum of CD patients with no endoscopic recurrence contained more CD68+ cells than control biopsies (Fig. 1B and D). Moreover, CD68+ cells were moreabundant in biopsies with endoscopic recurrence and in samples with established lesions than in biopsies without endoscopic lesions (Fig. 1B and D). These data indicate that, even in the absence of endoscopic lesions, the mucosa of the neo-terminal ileum of CD patients is markedly infiltrated with inflammatory cells.The Early Stage of CD Inflammation is Dominated by Th1 Cytokines while a Mixed Th1/Th17 Response is Seen in Areas with Early or Established LesionsNext we examined various Th cell-related cytokines in CD and control samples by real-time PCR and flow-cytometry. Expression of IFN-c transcripts was more pronounced in the biopsies takenDistinct Cytokine Patterns in CDTable 1. Cytokine expression in pre-operative (established) and post-operative ileal samples of Crohn’s disease patients.Table 2. Cytokine expression in pre-operative (established) and post-operative ileal samples of Crohn’s disease patients.Established CD (n = 4) Medi.