APamp, amplitude of AP; APd, duration of the AP at 95 repolarization

APamp, amplitude of AP; APd, duration of the AP at 95 repolarization; RMP, resting membrane potential. C, AP trace (above) and differentiated wave (below) from an Ao -type neuron that lacks an inflection on the descending limb of the AP. D, AP trace (above) and differentiated wave (below) from an Ai -type neuron, showing an inflection on the descending limb of the AP, as confirmed in the differentiated trace with an interval of decreased negative slope (arrows). Note C and D have different V s-1 and time scales. E and F, somatic voltage traces Brefeldin A site During paired axonal stimulation in two different neurons. Recordings of successively shorter interstimulus intervals are superimposed. Stimuli are evident as downward deflections in the voltage traces. The neuron in E shows failure of conduction into the soma at a RP of 1.3 ms, at which interval there is a complete absence of a somatic voltage response. The neuron in F shows failure of full somatic invasion at a RP of 1.4 ms, at which interval there is a decreased somatic depolarization (single arrow), representing a passive electrotonic potential. The final complete failure of propagation of the second AP (double arrow) occurs at a shorter interstimulus interval. The electrotonic potentials (single arrow) represent AP failure in the stem axon, while complete absence of an impulse (double arrow) represents failure at the T-junction.C2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyJ Physiol 591.Impulse propagation after sensory neuron injuryelectrotonic potentials for this purpose is further justified in the Results below. Data for APd, APamp, and CV were tabulated for the first and last AP of trains at the following frequency for each neuron. AHP dimensions, including AHPamp, AHPd and AHParea, were measured after the 20th AP of the train and compared with dimensions after a solo AP in the absence of a train. (These parameters were not calculated for C-type neurons due to the larger artefact that produced greater uncertainty regarding voltage measurements.) During a train of APs, each AP other than the first is necessarily superimposed upon the AHP that follows the prior APs. We determined the membrane voltage at the moment of AP initiation, which we term the apparent RMP (aRMP) for that AP, for the 2nd and 20th AP in each train, and compared these to identify the pattern of shift in the aRMP during tetanic stimulation (Fig. 2).Teased fibre recordingThe maximum AP firing frequency was determined from excised uninjured L5 and L6 dorsal roots during superfusion with either aCSF as used for the PD-148515MedChemExpress Avasimibe intracellular DRG recordings, or a standard teased fibre recording solution (Koltzenburg et al. 1997) containing (in mM): NaCl, 123; KCl, 3.5; MgSO4 , 0.7; NaH2 PO4 , 1.7; CaCl2 , 2.0; sodium gluconate, 9.5; glucose, 5.5; sucrose, 7.5; Hepes, 10; with 290 mosmol l-1 and pH 7.45 at 32 ?0.5 C. Results were comparable and were pooled. Single units were recorded with a silver electrode from fibres teased from the root either distally where it entered the DRG or proximally where it entered the cord. Stimulation was performed at the opposite end (average distance 12.7 ?0.6 mm, n = 14) using either the oil-immersed bipolar system that was used for axonal stimulation during intracellular recordings noted above (pulse durations 0.5 ms, n = 7) or a monopolar contact with a remote ground, both of which were submerged in the superfusing buffer (pulse durations 1.0 ms, n = 7). Because these syste.APamp, amplitude of AP; APd, duration of the AP at 95 repolarization; RMP, resting membrane potential. C, AP trace (above) and differentiated wave (below) from an Ao -type neuron that lacks an inflection on the descending limb of the AP. D, AP trace (above) and differentiated wave (below) from an Ai -type neuron, showing an inflection on the descending limb of the AP, as confirmed in the differentiated trace with an interval of decreased negative slope (arrows). Note C and D have different V s-1 and time scales. E and F, somatic voltage traces during paired axonal stimulation in two different neurons. Recordings of successively shorter interstimulus intervals are superimposed. Stimuli are evident as downward deflections in the voltage traces. The neuron in E shows failure of conduction into the soma at a RP of 1.3 ms, at which interval there is a complete absence of a somatic voltage response. The neuron in F shows failure of full somatic invasion at a RP of 1.4 ms, at which interval there is a decreased somatic depolarization (single arrow), representing a passive electrotonic potential. The final complete failure of propagation of the second AP (double arrow) occurs at a shorter interstimulus interval. The electrotonic potentials (single arrow) represent AP failure in the stem axon, while complete absence of an impulse (double arrow) represents failure at the T-junction.C2012 The Authors. The Journal of PhysiologyC2012 The Physiological SocietyJ Physiol 591.Impulse propagation after sensory neuron injuryelectrotonic potentials for this purpose is further justified in the Results below. Data for APd, APamp, and CV were tabulated for the first and last AP of trains at the following frequency for each neuron. AHP dimensions, including AHPamp, AHPd and AHParea, were measured after the 20th AP of the train and compared with dimensions after a solo AP in the absence of a train. (These parameters were not calculated for C-type neurons due to the larger artefact that produced greater uncertainty regarding voltage measurements.) During a train of APs, each AP other than the first is necessarily superimposed upon the AHP that follows the prior APs. We determined the membrane voltage at the moment of AP initiation, which we term the apparent RMP (aRMP) for that AP, for the 2nd and 20th AP in each train, and compared these to identify the pattern of shift in the aRMP during tetanic stimulation (Fig. 2).Teased fibre recordingThe maximum AP firing frequency was determined from excised uninjured L5 and L6 dorsal roots during superfusion with either aCSF as used for the intracellular DRG recordings, or a standard teased fibre recording solution (Koltzenburg et al. 1997) containing (in mM): NaCl, 123; KCl, 3.5; MgSO4 , 0.7; NaH2 PO4 , 1.7; CaCl2 , 2.0; sodium gluconate, 9.5; glucose, 5.5; sucrose, 7.5; Hepes, 10; with 290 mosmol l-1 and pH 7.45 at 32 ?0.5 C. Results were comparable and were pooled. Single units were recorded with a silver electrode from fibres teased from the root either distally where it entered the DRG or proximally where it entered the cord. Stimulation was performed at the opposite end (average distance 12.7 ?0.6 mm, n = 14) using either the oil-immersed bipolar system that was used for axonal stimulation during intracellular recordings noted above (pulse durations 0.5 ms, n = 7) or a monopolar contact with a remote ground, both of which were submerged in the superfusing buffer (pulse durations 1.0 ms, n = 7). Because these syste.