Nvironmental genotoxins that form DNA adducts and induce double strand DNA

Nvironmental genotoxins that form DNA adducts and induce double strand DNA breaks. DMBA is especially relevant to the study of mouse mammary gland, since it can be highly carcinogenic when administered later to adult female mice [13,14,15,16]. Although DMBA-treated juvenile mammary glands showed a robust DNA damage response, gland outgrowth was normal. However, closer inspection revealed that the somatic basal epithelial stem cell activity was durably reduced by early exposure. The evident similarity between this phenotype and the phenotype of glands with loss of function of Wnt signaling [17,18] led us to assay Wnt signaling activation in DMBA-treated glands. We found that Wnt receptor activation was reduced (for weeks, reflecting 18334597 the loss of stem cell activity). Furthermore, we found that when basal mammary epithelial cells were actively accumulating in response to Wnt signaling in vitro, they were highly sensitized to cell death in response to genotoxic exposure. We propose that this mechanism accounts for the durable loss of stem cell function observed after exposure of young mice to genotoxins.a likelihood ratio test), and stem cell frequencies were estimated from the LimDil statistical program (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/ software/limdil). To transfer MECs to primary culture, Lab-Tek II 4-well chamber slides (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA) were coated with growth factor-reduced 86168-78-7 Matrigel (precoated plates with 0.7 mg/ml; BD Biosciences) and cells were plated in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen) containing 2 FBS (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN), 10 mg/ml insulin (Sigma), and 100 U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin (Invitrogen), with 20 ng/ml EGF and/or 100 ngs/ml rmWnt3a (R D System, 4EGI-1 biological activity Minneapolis, MN). HC11 cells were grown in RPMI media (Invitrogen) supplemented with 5?0 FBS (Harlan), 5 mg/ml insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 ng/ml EGF. For immunocytochemical assay, cultured cells were rinsed with PBS, fixed with 2 PFA (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1 or 0.5 TritonX100 (depending on non-nuclear/nuclear antigen; 5 min) and blocked with 10 goat serum for 1 hour (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs).Flow Cytometric Analysis Materials and Methods MiceBALB/c mice were housed according to the regulations set by the University of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee. DMBA was dissolved in tricaprylin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)(5 mg/ml) and injected intraperitoneally into virgin juvenile (35-day-old) BALB/c females (0.10 mmol or 25 mg DMBA/g 24786787 bdwt mouse). For measurement of their acute response to radiation exposure, mice were subjected to 10 Gy (Mark I 137 CsCl irradiator, J.L. Shepherd Associates, San Fernando, CA), and mammary glands collected 30 minutes later. To label mitotic cells, 5-bromo-29-deoxyuridine (BrdU, Sigma-Aldrich) was injected (0.1 mg BrdU/g bdwt mouse) and glands collected two hours later. MECs (1610 6) were incubated with 1.0 mg/ml CD31-APC, 1.0 mg/ml CD45-APC, 0.6 mg/ml CD24-PE, and 30 ml/ml CD49f-FITC (all from BD Biosciences) in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution Modified (Stem Cell Technologies) plus 2 FBS (Harlan) for 1 hour on ice. Cells were fixed in 1 paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) for 30 min at 4uC, permeabilized with 0.1 Triton-X-100 for 15 min at RT, and then incubated with 49,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, 20 ug/ml; Invitrogen) 30 min before flow analysis. The cell suspension was analyzed on an LSRII (BD Bioscie.Nvironmental genotoxins that form DNA adducts and induce double strand DNA breaks. DMBA is especially relevant to the study of mouse mammary gland, since it can be highly carcinogenic when administered later to adult female mice [13,14,15,16]. Although DMBA-treated juvenile mammary glands showed a robust DNA damage response, gland outgrowth was normal. However, closer inspection revealed that the somatic basal epithelial stem cell activity was durably reduced by early exposure. The evident similarity between this phenotype and the phenotype of glands with loss of function of Wnt signaling [17,18] led us to assay Wnt signaling activation in DMBA-treated glands. We found that Wnt receptor activation was reduced (for weeks, reflecting 18334597 the loss of stem cell activity). Furthermore, we found that when basal mammary epithelial cells were actively accumulating in response to Wnt signaling in vitro, they were highly sensitized to cell death in response to genotoxic exposure. We propose that this mechanism accounts for the durable loss of stem cell function observed after exposure of young mice to genotoxins.a likelihood ratio test), and stem cell frequencies were estimated from the LimDil statistical program (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/ software/limdil). To transfer MECs to primary culture, Lab-Tek II 4-well chamber slides (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA) were coated with growth factor-reduced Matrigel (precoated plates with 0.7 mg/ml; BD Biosciences) and cells were plated in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen) containing 2 FBS (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN), 10 mg/ml insulin (Sigma), and 100 U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin (Invitrogen), with 20 ng/ml EGF and/or 100 ngs/ml rmWnt3a (R D System, Minneapolis, MN). HC11 cells were grown in RPMI media (Invitrogen) supplemented with 5?0 FBS (Harlan), 5 mg/ml insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 10 ng/ml EGF. For immunocytochemical assay, cultured cells were rinsed with PBS, fixed with 2 PFA (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 15 min, permeabilized with 0.1 or 0.5 TritonX100 (depending on non-nuclear/nuclear antigen; 5 min) and blocked with 10 goat serum for 1 hour (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs).Flow Cytometric Analysis Materials and Methods MiceBALB/c mice were housed according to the regulations set by the University of Wisconsin Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee. DMBA was dissolved in tricaprylin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)(5 mg/ml) and injected intraperitoneally into virgin juvenile (35-day-old) BALB/c females (0.10 mmol or 25 mg DMBA/g 24786787 bdwt mouse). For measurement of their acute response to radiation exposure, mice were subjected to 10 Gy (Mark I 137 CsCl irradiator, J.L. Shepherd Associates, San Fernando, CA), and mammary glands collected 30 minutes later. To label mitotic cells, 5-bromo-29-deoxyuridine (BrdU, Sigma-Aldrich) was injected (0.1 mg BrdU/g bdwt mouse) and glands collected two hours later. MECs (1610 6) were incubated with 1.0 mg/ml CD31-APC, 1.0 mg/ml CD45-APC, 0.6 mg/ml CD24-PE, and 30 ml/ml CD49f-FITC (all from BD Biosciences) in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution Modified (Stem Cell Technologies) plus 2 FBS (Harlan) for 1 hour on ice. Cells were fixed in 1 paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) for 30 min at 4uC, permeabilized with 0.1 Triton-X-100 for 15 min at RT, and then incubated with 49,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, 20 ug/ml; Invitrogen) 30 min before flow analysis. The cell suspension was analyzed on an LSRII (BD Bioscie.